Measurement of time, distance and weight

 The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) historically had its own units of measurement for time, distance, and weight. While these traditional units have largely been replaced by the metric system in modern India, they still hold cultural and historical significance. Here are some traditional units of measurement in the IKS:

Measurement of Time:

1. Yama: In ancient India, time was often measured in "yamas." One yama was equivalent to approximately 3 hours.

2. Muhurta: A muhurta was a larger unit of time, approximately equal to 48 minutes. It was used for determining auspicious times for various activities, especially in astrology and rituals.

3. Prahara: A prahara represented one-quarter of a day or night, equivalent to approximately 3 hours.

4. Ghatika or Ghati: The ghatika was another unit of time, roughly equal to 24 minutes.

Measurement of Distance:

1. Yojana: The yojana was a unit of distance used in ancient India, roughly equivalent to about 8 to 10 miles or 13 to 16 kilometers. It was commonly used for measuring travel distances.

2. Hasta: The hasta was a shorter unit of length, often used for measuring the height of individuals or the span between the extended thumb and little finger. It is estimated to be about 18 inches or 45 centimeters.

3. Danda: The danda was a unit of length, roughly equivalent to a "step" or a "pace" of a person. It was often used in practical measurements.

4. Kos or Krosa: The kos was another unit of distance, varying in size from region to region but typically ranging from about 2 to 3 miles.

Measurement of Weight:

1. Masha: The masha was a unit of weight used in ancient India, roughly equivalent to about 1 gram. It was used for measuring small quantities of commodities.

2. Ratti: The ratti was another unit of weight, primarily used for measuring gemstones and pearls. It varied in different regions but was typically between 0.9 and 1.8 carats.

3. Tola: The tola was a traditional unit of weight, often used for measuring precious metals like gold and silver. It is equivalent to approximately 11.66 grams.

4. Man or Maund: The man or maund was a larger unit of weight, typically used for measuring bulk commodities like grains. It varied in size depending on the region but was roughly equivalent to 37.32 kilograms.

It's important to note that these traditional units of measurement were used historically and may not have standardized values across different regions of ancient India. Additionally, while these units are of historical interest, the metric system is the official system of measurement in modern India and is used for scientific, commercial, and official purposes.